Cave Art Animals Handout 1st Grade Cave Art Animals

Paleolithic Architecture

The oldest examples of Paleolithic dwellings are shelters in caves, followed by houses of wood, straw, and rock.

Learning Objectives

Describe Paleolithic dwellings and shelters

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• Early on humans chose locations that could be defended confronting predators and rivals and that were shielded from choppy weather.
• Weather condition, water, and fourth dimension have destroyed the majority of campsites; our understanding of Paleolithic dwellings is therefore limited.
• Caves are the most famous example of Paleolithic shelters.

Key Terms

• Mammoth:Alarge, hairy, extinct elephant-like mammal of the taxonomic genus Mammuthus.
• Hut:A small wooden shed, a archaic temporary dwelling.
• Paleolithic:Early phase of the Rock Historic period, when primitive rock tools were used.

The Paleolithic Age, or Old Stone Historic period, spanned from around xxx,000 BCE until x,000 BCE and produced the first accomplishments in human being creativity. Due to a lack of written records from this time menstruation, nearly all of our knowledge of Paleolithic man culture and way of life comes from archaeologic and ethnographic comparisons to modern hunter-gatherer cultures. The Paleolithic lasted until the retreat of the ice, when farming and utilise of metals were adopted.

Paleolithic Societies

A typical Paleolithic society followed a hunter-gatherer economy. Humans hunted wild animals for meat and gathered food, firewood, and materials for their tools, wearing apparel, or shelters. The adoption of both technologies—article of clothing and shelter—cannot be dated exactly, but they were key to humanity's progress. As the Paleolithic era progressed, dwellings became more than sophisticated, more elaborate, and more house-like. At the end of the Paleolithic era, humans began to produce works of art such every bit cave paintings, rock art, and jewelry, and began to appoint in religious beliefs such as burying and rituals .

Dwellings and Shelters

Early on men chose locations that could be dedicated against predators and rivals and that were shielded from inclement conditions. Many such locations could exist plant near rivers, lakes, and streams, peradventure with depression hilltops nearby that could serve as refuges. Since water tin can erode and change landscapes quite drastically, many of these campsites accept been destroyed. Our understanding of Paleolithic dwellings is therefore express.

As early equally 380,000 BCE, humans were constructing temporary wood huts . Other types of houses existed; these were more oftentimes campsites in caves or in the open up air with little in the manner of formal structure. The oldest examples are shelters within caves, followed by houses of forest, straw, and rock. A few examples exist of houses built out of bones.

Temporary wood hut: An creative person's rendering of a temporary forest house, based on show found at Terra Amata (in Squeamish, France) and dated to the Lower Paleolithic era.

Caves

Caves are the most famous example of Paleolithic shelters, though the number of caves used by Paleolithic people is drastically pocket-sized relative to the number of hominids idea to accept lived on Earth at the time. About hominids probably never entered a cave, much less lived in i. Nonetheless, the remains of hominid settlements testify interesting patterns. In one cave, a tribe of Neanderthals kept a hearth fire burning for a thousand years, leaving behind an accumulation of coals and ash. In some other cave, post holes in the clay flooring reveal that the residents built some sort of shelter or enclosure with a roof to protect themselves from h2o dripping on them from the cavern ceiling. They often used the rear portions of the cave as middens, depositing their garbage at that place.

In the Upper Paleolithic (the latest office of the Paleolithic), caves ceased to act as houses. Instead, they likely became places for early on people to gather for ritual and religious purposes.

Tents and Huts

Modernistic archaeologists know of few types of shelter used by aboriginal peoples other than caves. Some examples do exist, but they are quite rare. In Siberia, a group of Russian scientists uncovered a house or tent with a frame constructed of mammoth bones. The great tusks supported the roof, while the skulls and thighbones formed the walls of the tent. Several families could live inside, where three small hearths, petty more than rings of stones, kept people warm during the winter. Around 50,000 years ago, a grouping of Paleolithic humans camped on a lakeshore in southern France. At Terra Amata, these hunter-gatherers congenital a long and narrow firm. The foundation was a ring of stones, with a apartment threshold rock for a door at either finish. Vertical posts down the middle of the house supported roofs and walls of sticks and twigs, probably covered over with a layer of straw. A hearth exterior served every bit the kitchen, while a smaller hearth inside kept people warm. Their residents could easily abandon both dwellings. This is why they are not considered true houses, which was a development of the Neolithic catamenia rather than the Paleolithic period.

Paleolithic Artifacts

The Paleolithic era has a number of artifacts that range from rock, bone, and woods tools to stone sculptures.

Learning Objectives

Depict the characteristics of the artifacts during the Paleolithic era

Key Takeaways

Fundamental Points

• Artifacts dating from the Lower and Middle Paleolithic remain disputed as objects of artistic expression.
• At that place is some evidence that a preference for aesthetic emerged in the Center Paleolithic due to the symmetry inherent to discovered artifacts.
• The Venus of Tan-Tan is an alleged artifact establish in Morocco that is believed past some archaeologists to exist the earliest representation of the human form .
• The Venus of Berekhat Ram is believed by some to exist a representation of a female human being figure dating from the early Middle Paleolithic, however, the claim is highly contested.
• A carved elephant bone from Bilzingsleben has been interpreted as an early case of art making.
• The Paleolithic is characterized by the employ of stone tools, although at the time humans also used wood and bone tools.

Primal Terms

• quartzite:Ametamorphic rock consisting of interlocking grains of quartz.
• ochre:An earth pigment containing silica, aluminum, and ferric oxide
• flint:A hard, fine-grained quartz that fractures conchoidally and generates sparks when struck.
• paleoliths:A rock relic of the Paleolithic era.
• artifacts:Objects that are created by a human beingness with cultural and historical significance.

The Paleolithic or Old Stone Historic period originated around 30,000 BCE, lasting until 10,000 BCE, and is separated into three periods: the Lower Paleolithic (the earliest subdivision), Eye Paleolithic, and Upper Paleolithic. The Paleolithic era is characterized past the use of stone tools, although at the time humans also used wood and os tools. Other organic commodities were adjusted for use as tools, including leather and vegetable fibers; however, due to their nature, these have not been preserved to any great degree. Surviving artifacts of the Paleolithic era are known equally paleoliths .

Acheulean hand-axes: Acheulean manus-axes from Kent. The types shown are (clockwise from acme) cordate, ficron, and ovate. Evidence shows these early hominids intentionally selected raw materials with good flaking qualities and chose advisable-sized stones for their needs to produce sharp-edged tools for cutting.

The earliest undisputed art originated in the Upper Paleolithic. However, there is some evidence that a preference for artful emerged in the Center Paleolithic due to the symmetry inherent in discovered artifacts and evidence of attention to item in such things as tool shape, which has led some archaeologists to interpret these artifacts as early examples of artistic expression. There has been much dispute among scholars over the terming of early on prehistoric artifacts as "fine art." Mostly speaking, artifacts dating from the Lower and Heart Paleolithic remain disputed as objects of creative expression, while the Upper Paleolithic provides the commencement conclusive examples of art making.

Disputed Fine art(ifacts): Early Venuses

The Venus of Tan-Tan is an alleged antiquity establish in Morocco that is believed by some to exist the earliest representation of the human form . The Venus, a 2.3 inch long piece of quartzite rock dated betwixt 300,000 and 500,000 years ago during the Middle Paleolithic, was discovered in 1999 in a river terrace eolith on the north banking company of the Draa River, just due south of the Moroccan hamlet of Tan-Tan. There is controversy among archaeologists as to its nature and origin. Some archaeologists believe information technology was created by a combination of geological forces equally well as tool-based carving. Visible smudge stains take been interpreted by some as remnants of cherry-red ochre pigments. For others, the stone's shape is simply the issue of natural weathering and erosion, and whatsoever human being shape is a mere coincidence.

Drawing of the Venus of Tan-Tan: The Venus of Tan-Tan is an alleged artifact found in Morocco that is believed past some to be the earliest representation of the human form.

The Venus of Berekhat Ram is a gimmicky of the Venus of Tan-Tan, plant at Berekhat Ram on the Golan Heights in 1981. Some believe information technology to be a representation of a female person human effigy, dating from the early Middle Paleolithic; nonetheless, the claim is highly contested. The object is a red tufic pebble, nearly 1.4 inches long, which has at least 3 grooves, perchance incised with a sharp-edged rock tool. The grooves take been interpreted as marking the neck and arms of the figure past some, while others believe these to be purely naturally-occurring lines .

Mask of la Roche-Cotard

Too known as the Mousterian Protofigurine, the Mask of la Roche-Cotard is an artifact from the Paleolithic period that was discovered in the entrance of the La Roche-Cotard cave, situated on the banks of the Loire River in French republic. Constructed using flintstone and bone, the stone is believed to represent the upper part of a face, while the os has been interpreted equally eyes. While some archaeologists question whether this artifact does indeed correspond a rendered face, it has been occasionally regarded every bit an instance of Paleolithic figurative creative expression.

Bilzingsleben

Bilzingsleben is a site of early Paleolithic human being remains discovered in Thuringia, Germany. The expanse was also the site of discovery of many rock and bone tools such equally hoes, scrapers, points, and gougers. I bone fragment, an elephant tibia, has two groups of incised parallel lines which some have interpreted every bit an early on example of fine art making. The regular spacing of the incisions, their sub-equal lengths, and V-like cantankerous-sections suggest that they were created at the aforementioned time, with a single stone; however, no conclusive agreement has been fabricated.

Blombos Cave

Discoveries of engraved stones in the Blombos Caves of South Africa has led some archaeologists to believe that early Homo sapiens were capable of abstraction and the production of symbolic art. Fabricated from ochre, the stones are engraved with abstract patterns, and while they are simpler than prehistoric cavern paintings found in Europe, some scholars believe these engraved stones represent the earliest known artworks, dating from 75,000 years ago. Although, much like the other pieces, this conventionalities remains contested.

Engraved ochre from the Blombos Cave: Engraved ochre from the Blombos Cave has led some historians to believe that early Homo sapiens were capable of symbolic art.

Paleolithic Cave Paintings

Paleolithic cave paintings demonstrate early humans' capacity to give significant to their surroundings and communicate with others.

Learning Objectives

Identify the types of images found in cavern paintings in Europe dating from the Paleolithic era

Key Takeaways

Fundamental Points

• Cave paintings can be grouped into iii main categories: animals, human figures, and abstract signs.
• Animals depicted include familiar herbivores and predatory animals.
• The near spectacular examples of cavern paintings are in southern French republic and northern Kingdom of spain.
• Interpretations vary from prehistoric star charts, accounts of past hunts or mystical rituals for time to come ones, and shamanism .

Key Terms

• chiaroscuro:An creative technique developed during the Renaissance, referring to the use of exaggerated light contrasts in social club to create the illusion of volume.
• shamanism:A range of traditional beliefs and practices concerned with communication with the spirit world.
• Parietal Art:Paintings, murals, drawings, etchings, carvings, and pecked artwork on the interior of rock shelters and caves; also known as cavern fine art.
• polychromy:The fine art or practice of combining different colors, especially brilliant ones, in an creative fashion.

The Paleolithic , or Old Stone Age, ranges from xxx,000 BCE to 10,000 BCE and produced the outset accomplishments in human inventiveness, preceding the invention of writing. Archeological discoveries across a broad swath of Europe (especially southern French republic and northern Spain) include over two hundred caves with spectacular paintings, drawings, and sculpture that are among the earliest undisputed examples of representational image-making. Paintings and engravings along the caves' walls and ceilings fall nether the category of parietal fine art .

Themes and Materials

The virtually common themes in cave paintings are large wild animals, such every bit bison, horses, aurochs , and deer. The species found most often were suitable for hunting by humans, simply were non necessarily the typical prey found in associated os deposits. For example, the painters of Lascaux, French republic left mainly reindeer bones, only this species does not appear at all in the cave paintings; equine species are the most common.

Drawings of humans were rare and were usually schematic in nature every bit opposed to the detailed and naturalistic images of animals.
Tracings of man easily and hand stencils were very pop, yet, also as abstruse patterns called finger flutings.

The pigments used appear to be crimson and yellow ochre , manganese or carbon for black, and communist china clay for white. Some of the colour may have been mixed with fat. The paint was applied past finger, chewed sticks, or fur for brushes. Sometimes the silhouette of the creature was incised in the rock showtime, and in some caves many of the images were only engraved in this manner, taking them out of a strict definition of "cave painting."

Main Examples of Cavern Paintings: French republic and Spain

France

Lascaux (circa 15,000 BCE), in southwestern France, is an interconnected serial of caves with ane of the most impressive examples of creative creations past Paleolithic humans.

Cave paintings in Lascaux, France: The most famous department of the cave is "The Corking Hall of the Bulls," where bulls, equines, and stags are depicted.

Discovered in 1940, the cave contains well-nigh two g figures, which can be grouped into three main categories—animals, human figures, and abstract signs. Over nine hundred images describe animals from the surrounding areas, such as horses, stags, aurochs, bison, lions, bears, and birds—species that would take been hunted and eaten, and those identified as predators. The paintings contain no images of the surrounding landscape or the vegetation of the time.

The Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc Cave (circa thirty,000 BCE) in the Ardèche section of southern French republic contains some of the primeval known paintings, as well as other prove of Upper Paleolithic life. The Chauvet Cave is uncharacteristically large, and the quality, quantity, and status of the artwork establish on its walls have been called spectacular. Hundreds of brute paintings take been catalogued, depicting at to the lowest degree thirteen different species—non only the familiar herbivores that predominate Paleolithic cave fine art, but also many predatory animals, such as cave lions, panthers, bears, and cavern hyenas.

Drawings of horses from the Chauvet Cave in French republic: The Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc Cave in the Ardèche department of southern France is a cave that contains some of the earliest known cave paintings.

Every bit is typical of most cave art, there are no paintings of complete homo figures in Chauvet. There are a few panels of red ochre hand prints and hand stencils fabricated past spitting pigment over easily pressed against the cavern surface. Abstract markings—lines and dots—are establish throughout the cave.

The artists who produced these unique paintings used techniques rarely institute in other cave art. Many of the paintings appear to accept been made after the walls were scraped clear of debris and concretions, leaving a smoother and noticeably lighter area upon which the artists worked. Similarly, a three-dimensional quality and the suggestion of movement are achieved by incising or etching around the outlines of sure figures. The art besides includes scenes that were complex for its time—animals interacting with each other. For example, a pair of wooly rhinoceroses are seen butting horns in an apparent competition for territory or mating rights.

Spain

Altamira (circa xviii,000 BCE) is a cave in northern Espana famous for its Upper Paleolithic cave paintings featuring drawings and polychrome stone paintings of wild mammals and human being hands. The cavern has been declared a World Heritage Site past UNESCO.

Painting of a bison in the Corking Hall of Policromes, Altamira, Spain: Altamira'due south famous Upper Paleolithic cave paintings feature drawings and polychrome stone paintings of wild mammals and homo hands.

The long cave consists of a series of twisting passages and chambers. Human being occupation was limited to the cave mouth, although paintings were created throughout the length of the cave. The artists used polychromy—charcoal and ochre or haematite—to create the images, oft diluting these pigments to produce variations in intensity , creating an impression of chiaroscuro . They also exploited the natural contours in the cave walls to give their subjects a three-dimensional upshot.

Interpretations

Like all prehistoric art, the purpose of these paintings remains obscure. In recent years, new enquiry has suggested that the Lascaux paintings may incorporate prehistoric star charts. Some anthropologists and art historians also conjecture that the paintings could be an account of past hunting success, or they could stand for a mystical ritual to improve future hunting endeavors. An alternative theory, broadly based on ethnographic studies of contemporary hunter-gatherer societies, is that the paintings pertained to shamanism.

Paleolithic Sculpture

Paleolithic sculptures establish in caves are some of the primeval examples of representational art.

Learning Objectives

Discuss aspects and characteristics of Paleolithic cave sculptures

Primal Takeaways

Fundamental Points

• Sculptural piece of work from the Paleolithic consists mainly of figurines , beads, and some decorative utilitarian objects constructed with rock, bone, ivory , dirt, and forest.
• "Venus figurines" is an umbrella term for a number of prehistoric statuettes of women that have been found mostly in Europe, only also in Eurasia and Siberia.
• Venus figurines are characterized by shared stylistic features, such equally an oval shape, large abdomen, wide-set thighs, large breasts, and the typical absenteeism of artillery and feet.
• Also known as the Mousterian Protofigurine, the Mask of La Roche-Cotard is a representational antiquity from the Paleolithic menstruum that was discovered in the entrance of a cave named La Roche-Cotard.
• Discoveries of engraved stones and beads in the Blombos Caves of South Africa has led some archaeologists to believe that early Human being sapiensouth were capable of brainchild and the production of symbolic art.

Key Terms

• Eurasia:The largest landmass on Earth, consisting of Europe and Asia.
• flint:A hard, fine-grained quartz that fractures conchoidally and generates sparks when struck.

The Paleolithic or Old Stone Age existed from approximately 30,000 BCE until 10,000 BCE, and produced the first accomplishments in human creativity. Archeological discoveries across Europe and Asia include over 2 hundred caves with spectacular paintings, drawings, and sculptures that are amid the earliest undisputed examples of representational art-making. Sculptural work from the Paleolithic consists mainly of figurines, chaplet, and some decorative utilitarian objects synthetic with stone, bone, ivory, clay, and forest. During prehistoric times, caves were places of domicile as well as possible spaces for ritual and communal gathering. Unsurprisingly, caves were the locations of many archeological discoveries owing to their secluded locations and protection from the elements.

Venus Figurines

"Venus figurines" is an umbrella term for a number of prehistoric statuettes of women that take been found mostly in Europe, but also in Asia and Siberia, dating from the Upper Paleolithic. These figures are all quite small, between iv and 25 cm alpine, and carved mainly in steatite , limestone , bone, or ivory. These sculptures are collectively described as "Venus" figurines in reference to the Roman goddess of beauty, as early historians assumed they represented an platonic of beauty from the time.

The Venus figurines have sometimes been interpreted as representing a mother goddess; the abundance of such female imagery has led some to believe that Upper Paleolithic (and later Neolithic) societies had a female person-centered organized religion and a female-dominated club. Various other explanations for the purpose of the figurines have been proposed, such as the hypothesis that the figurines were created as self-portraits of bodily women.

Stylistic Features

Venus figures are characterized past shared stylistic features, such every bit an oval shape, big abdomen, wide-set thighs, big breasts, and the typical absence of artillery and feet. Hundreds of these sculptures accept been found both in open up-air settlements and caves. The Venus of Hohle Fels, a 6 cm figure of a adult female carved from a mammoth 'south tusk, was discovered in Germany'southward Hohle Fels cavern in 2008 and represents ane of the earliest found sculptures of this blazon.

The Venus of Hohle Fels: The Venus of Hohle Fels, a 6 cm figure of a woman carved from a mammoth's tusk, was discovered in Federal republic of germany's Hohle Fels cave in 2008 and represents one of the primeval plant sculptures of this type.

Additionally, the Venus of Willendorf is a particularly famous case of the Venus figure. While initially thought to be symbols of fertility, or of a fertility goddess, the true significance of the Venus figure remains obscure, as does much of prehistoric art.

The Venus of Willendorf: The Venus of Willendorf is a particularly famous example of the Venus figure.

Mask of La Roche-Cotard

It is also known as the "Mousterian Protofigurine," the Mask of La Roche-Cotard is an artifact from the Paleolithic period that was discovered in the entrance of a cavern named La Roche-Cotard, on the banks of the Loire River in French republic. Constructed using flint and bone, the stone is believed to correspond the upper function of a face up, while the bone has been interpreted as eyes. While some archaeologists question whether this artifact does indeed represent a rendered face, information technology is typically regarded as an example of Paleolithic figurative creative expression.

Blombos Cave

Discoveries of engraved stones and beads in the Blombos Cave of South Africa has led some archaeologists to believe that early Homo sapiens were capable of abstraction and the production of symbolic art. Made from ochre , the stones are engraved with abstract patterns, while the beads are made from Nassarius shells. While they are simpler than prehistoric cave paintings found in Europe, some scholars believe these engraved stones represent the earliest known artworks, dating from 75,000 years ago.

Nassarius crush beads from the Blombos Cavern: Discoveries of engraved stones and beads in the Blombos Cave of South Africa has led some archaeologists to believe that early Homo sapiens were capable of abstraction and the production of symbolic art.

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Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/the-paleolithic-period/

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